The Criminal Trial Process Of England And Wales Law Essay

The Criminal Trial Process Of England And Wales Law Essay The Criminal Justice System trial process in England and Wales are operated on the basis, and can be described as an adversarial system of justice. Perhaps, I am directing my attention, the criminal trial process, how has been changed. I should begin an adversarial system, where the parties are responsible for presenting evidence before passive and neutral trial judge or jury. This differs from an inquisitorial system, which is exists most of Europe. In many jurisdictions the criminal laws can be traced the date when a new system of government was introduced bringing change to the role of government to criminal procedures in particular. The criminal law is the system of practices and possible represent justice. English criminal trials from the late seventeenth to the early twentieth centurys were different from those of today. Trials were really quick, lawyers were rarely presented. After the Criminal Justice Act 2003, has made certain change to the mode of trial procedures. In highl ight for going important to address the restorative justice program, which is bring victims and offenders focus on the crime, address problems within communities. On the other side highlights the mistakes and injustices in the criminal trials. Unfortunately, it seems this would be impossible to achieve. However, miscarriages of justice occur in the criminal justice are rare and wrongful imprisonment. The creation of the Criminal Procedure Rule Committee and in 2005 the trial and pre-trial process were brought together in a new criminal procedure rule. The management of cases is a new feature of the criminal justice system, the rules more accessible and together in ones place. It is a significant step, powers of judicial case management. Before the introduction of Due Process, people accused of a crime, given private trials with no defence. The main objectives of the criminal justice process are, against all offenders who break those rules. In England and Wales the criminal justice system has evolved over the years a considerable period. There are many features of the criminal procedure followed by more detailed descriptions of policing, and prosecution criminal courts, sentencing and the panel system, and the governmental and, administrative context of criminal justice. I shall shortly identify a striking example of the benefit of a joined up to criminal trail process. The goals in England and Wales aims to reduce crime by bringing more offence to justice, and to raise public confidence that the system is fair and will deliver law for citizen. There are many advantages and disadvantages having in the criminal trial process of England and Wales. Particularly important to understand the influence of rule of law, and how these of principles shapes the way that criminal justice is defined and implemented. Must be criminal cases start in the Magistrates Court. In a year more than one million cases are heard by Magistrates, they are simply citizen, without any kind of training. The other area where, those cases are seen is in the Crown Court where juries are used, they are part of the criminal justice trial process. The system of jury trails are twelve honest citizens who offering common sense and values. Let me highlight some very important advantages of the system having juries. It gives to the public confidence and acceptance for juries decisions. It gives a person a right to be tried by lay people, who have no legal knowledge and juries do understand the situation better than qualified people, who only look at the situation, with their special knowledge, and this can be sometimes lead to a miscarriage of justice. Perhaps, it is have to avoid as humanly possible. Another example for an advantage of the criminal trial process, when the jury has a power and decide cases on their idea of fairness. Although, as we shall see for example, in R v Ponting (1984). When the civil servant leaked information to a MP on the ground of public interest, and the jury refused to convict despite the fact that, the defendant had no legal defence. In the above case, therefore, it seems the legal system more open because member of public involved and whole process takes in public. Basically the trial involved a confrontation the victim of the crime and the defendant. The defendant was expected to explain the evidence presented against them. However these procedures provided reasonable means of determining guilt and innocence, from a modern point of view this is disadvantage the defence. Shall we see now of the other end, trials without a jury. Directions are no more than matters of common sense. The cases where the judge is satisfied to the evidence of real, able to present the danger that jury tampering would take a place to it. After the reform the criminal trial has some beneficial advantages. The Criminal Justice Act 2003 (c. 44) it is amends the law relating to police powers, which is particularly useful in cases where computer or financial evidence may need. It has a dramatic change has been made in the role of trial judges. There was no time to inform the judges of all the details of the case. Well, it is an advantages of the trial, the judge have a time to identify the issue. I agree with that, it is highly beneficial of the trial. I would like address the defence statement and disclosure. The Act makes amendments to the Criminal Procedure and Investigations Act 1996. As we shall see it, before the reform the prosecution would provide primary disclosure to the defence, and the defence would provide a defence statement, and the prosecution in response would provide secondary disclosure. This may demonstrates the weakness of the prosecution cases. Section 8 of the Act is made to the extent the evidence disclosed by the prosecution under its duty of disclosure. However, we shall see also disadvantages of the criminal trial process, after the reforms. The prisoner right to make an application to the High Court, it is my point of view, every cases takes longer than it should be. The right source can be take time, while the jury seeking further information can be confusing for judges. There is expensive cost for all this. Although, we can see now, some disadvantages of having jury in the criminal justice process. Unqualified people may not understand the points of law. The trial process placed defendants at a disadvantage. Without the benefit of legal assistance, they had to organise their cases on their own, while in prison awaiting trial. Until the actual trial, they were unaware of the specific evidence that would be presented against them and therefore had to respond spontaneously to what the witnesses said. This was thought to be the best way of ascertaining the truth. The lawyers had a right to address the jury, and gave prisoners the right to see copies of the depositions against them. Prosecutors could also suffer under this system. They also frequently went without counsel, and judges could be sympathetic to defendants. However the prosecutors had the advantage of being able to plan their case in advance, at liberty and at their leisure. It is arguable that the criminal trial process of, on t he one hand, the rules of evidence, which is require proof at trial, but on the other hand, the party prosecution have a detrimental effect on the capacity of the system to identify the truth. Criticism of the jury system in criminal trial process has emphasised the high cost of juries to the court system. In addition the technical nature and trials difficulty for lay people to understand purportedly leads to unintentional jury nullification. In the light for going of the recent miscarriages of justice occurs not only when an innocent person is convicted but also when a guilty person is not convicted. Therefore has much to lose by cooperating to archive justice. According to my opinion from an ethical point of view should miscarriage be avoidable every possible measures should be taken to prevent those regardless of the costs involved, however I must accept that in practice this route is often not the viable one. In conclusion a jury trial is of necessity predicated on continuous and adversarial oral presentation of evidence, but such a method of determining criminal cases is time and resource intensive. Criminal trial to be heard without jury, would thus probably reduce cost, and would also enhance opportunities to deal with matters in alternative ways not subject to the same concern about admissibility and evidence, and hence possibly also increase predictability. To my mind, however the criminal justice system England and Wales, the system of jury trial depends on twelve parties and true coming to court and listening to the case. Witness who will give evidence and answers the questions, counsel speak address the jury, judges speak and give direction. The current criminal justice process, in major trials involving fraud is made available to jurors on screens, but not without difficulty. The implications of all this for the criminal justice system are important. However, in jury trial in particular the public opinion can never really be kept out of the court room. Not everyone agrees with these changes when opposition is expressed on principal, it requires attention.

School Curriculum

Language is the organized speech used as our means of communication. It is a differentiated system as used by a section of human race. A second language is learned after the mother tongue. It is an advantage to speak several languages since we are associated to multi-cultural environment, a preparation to orientation and exposure to variety of languages in the workplace. A second language contributes to the preservation of different cultural identity within a unified society and the medium of instruction of worldwide scope in education, business and different professions. Studies show that bilingual children score higher on standardized tests than those who speak only one language. In fact, students who have studied a foreign or second language for four or more years scored higher than students who had studied other subject for the same number of years. Finally, students who have studied four years of foreign or second language scored higher in mathematics than students who had taken four years of Math (Cook 45). Acquiring fluency and eloquence of a second language must be done in several yet systematic stages. The basis of language such as sound, vocabulary, grammar, enunciation and so on must be rigidly developed. There must be a learning situation which is generally applicable to learners of different first language backgrounds. The ideal time to start teaching is in childhood wherein a child can learn up to five different languages if a child is commonly exposed to this, commonly the language used in the household regularly. Children and adolescents respond more readily by means of cognitive and academic approaches. So each age range would seem to have pros and cons with regards to language learning. If on educational, political and philosophical grounds children are to be introduced to second languages based on psychological needs, it cannot be the only consideration. Age is not certainly the individual factor in language learning. Cognitive factors, style, personality, attitudes and motivation play a vital role in this complex question of second language learning. Correction of grammatical and enunciation errors does not have a direct influence on learning a second language. However instruction may affect the rate of learning but will undergo the same stages. Children and adolescents who know the systematic way of learning the second language comprehends faster than those who do not (White 354-356). Learners of the second language have knowledge that goes beyond the input they received in other words the whole is greater than the parts. Learners are able to construct utterances of phrases, sentences and questions that they have never seen or heard before. Furthermore children and adolescents who have limited input still acquire the first rather than the second language. Bilingual education should be repaired not replaced. It helps provide long periods of total English immersion as well as opportunities to interact with native speakers. There are several teaching methods that will help primary and secondary students learn a second language. The immersion training of which where regular hours are spent in schools in studying the language, taking a distinct language subject, the grammar translation method and the direct method. In the grammar translation a method student are instructed in grammar and are provided vocabulary with direct translations to memorize and was predominant in Europe in the 19th century. Today most instructors acknowledge the infectivity of the method itself and for written languages also. The teaching of grammar consists of a process of training in the rules of a language which must make it possible to the students to correctly express their opinion, to understand the remarks which are addressed to them and to analyze the text which they read. The objective is that after primary and secondary, the pupil controls the tool of the language which are the vocabulary, grammar and the orthography. By this time a pupil can be able to read, understand and texts in various contexts (Mangubhai 156-158). The teaching of grammar examines the texts and has developed the awareness of language constitutes a system which can be analyzed. This knowledge is acquired gradually by traversing facts of language syntactic mechanism, going from simplicity to complexity. The teacher is supposed to correct the exercises so that the pupil can follow his progress in practicing the language through comparison of results. The direct method, sometimes also called natural method, is a method that refrains from using the learners' native language and just uses the target language. It was established in Germany and France around 1900. The direct method operates on the idea that second language learning must be an imitation of first language learning, as this is the natural way humans learn any language – a child never relies on another language to learn its first language, and thus the mother tongue is not necessary to learn a foreign language. This method places great stress on correct pronunciation and the target language from outset. It advocates teaching of oral skills at the expense of every traditional aim of language teaching. According to this method, printed language and text must be kept away from second language learner for as long as possible, just as a first language learner does not use printed word until he has good grasp of speech. Learning of writing and spelling should be delayed until after the printed word has been introduced, and grammar and translation should also be avoided because this would involve the application of the learner's first language. All above items must be avoided because they hinder the acquisition of a good oral proficiency. India with its huge population and apparent new boom for English learning as mentioned by Gupta (12-18) is also a large beacon of English learning. Just these two countries alone and their appetites for English education give us a new sense of the increased diversity of language ownership; something Phan Le Ha (456-458) touches on in her article on the internationalization of the language and non-natives increasing critical role in teaching, development and learning. It signals the reality that those learning English will be significantly entered around or originating from Asia. Therefore educators need evermore to recognize the importance and distinctive context based needs of those requiring education in English outside the traditional native speaker contexts. This is not inherently contradictory with those with persistent arguments that many general principles of acquisition should be understood and appropriately applied by educators within their distinctive classroom settings and communities. Chew (144-149) in her article on reviewing the evolution of syllabi in Singaporean English education, indicates that the single centred approach to a syllabus may be ebbing, increasingly substituted by a more eclectic one. Whether this experience will be replicated in other countries in the region, may be difficult to exactly say. It may be that we are in a period of the â€Å"end of methods†. But like others in different social sciences who harkened the end of ideology, it may be more prudent to view change as largely evolutionary with recurring ebbs and flows depending upon the current contextual streams of challenges. However, the attractiveness of task based learning relates not only to the enumerated benefits. It provides rather a useful practice that that can be applied across many approaches, as well as boundaries. Task based learning may provide an enduring legacy that meets the test of time. It may also provide a curricular and syllabus framework of flexibility that logically students and teachers will be drawn to even if it need not be the central leitmotif for certain places. For example, tasks could include, completing a grammar bingo game after a contrastive analysis, grammar-translation based presentation. Subsequently, task based communicative teaching practices could be supported to incorporate the appropriate grammar into developing two way oral skills through an interview exercise. Again, the task approach does not deny that in some Asian classes -or anywhere in the world for that matter- that certain traditional approaches need to have their day. Rather it is especially supportive of an integrated approach, or even where the needs of the learner may be solely communicative. However, again task selection and development is the key to better ensure specific needs are met. In doing this, the educator needs to be conscious of principles and aspects of acquisition. In this respect Ellis (203-206) has so well summarized here with authority and clarity the general understanding in the profession on instructed language learning. We are further faced with the fact that the true task of learning a second language in the many EFL environments that Asian learners find themselves are removed from a lot of ‘naturalistic†, non-classroom, English speaking settings. Such an understanding of these realities and the principles that surround realistic classroom learning can be of service to classroom teachers wondering what methods, approaches and practices to choose at a specific time. It reminds us of the value of the extensive reading programmes to which Helgesen (514-516) alludes can be so useful for Asian learners where they are limited in their accessibility to communicative English in a natural environment. Teachers in such contexts may need to be reminded, at times to extend the task work outside the classroom with proper direction that permits students to develop independent learning skills that facilitate students to do the extensive work necessary to gain fluency. In cultures where top down approaches are in the main, instructors be they native teachers or not, need to be cognizant of these realities and limitations. We can not simply, for example, put all learners on the Internet or through CALL, clap our hands and say â€Å"go to it†. Again learning context, as related to acquisition can be highly relevant, which Ellis (256-258) would seem to imply. The process of language learning can be very stressful, and the impact of positive or negative attitudes from the surrounding society can be critical. One aspect that has received particular attention is the relationship of gender roles to language achievement. Studies across numerous cultures have shown that women, on the whole, enjoy an advantage over men. Some have proposed that this is linked to gender roles. Doman (511-512) notes in a journal devoted to issues of Cultural affects on SLA, â€Å"Questions abound about what defines SLA, how far its borders extend, and what the attributions and contributions of its research are. Thus, there is a great amount of heterogeneity in the entire conceptualization of SLA. Some researchers tend to ignore certain aspects of the field, while others scrutinize those same aspects piece by piece. â€Å"Community attitudes toward the language being learned can also have a profound impact on SLA. Where the community has a broadly negative view of the target language and its speakers, or a negative view of its relation to them, learning is typically much more difficult. This finding has been confirmed by research in numerous contexts. A widely-cited example is the difficulty faced by Navajo children in learning English as a second language.

The Secret Truth About Argumentative Essay Topics about Family Uncovered

The Secret Truth About Argumentative Essay Topics about Family Uncovered Several topics for college needs can use humor as the ideal weapon to make a slice of paper that would eventually draw more students to the writing, although they do not enjoy the ideas of writing. College professors see that students are well-trained and inspired to compose essays when asked to achieve that. It is for a high level of study. What's funny to you might not be funny to your readers. You will be assigned a topic, or your professor will permit you to select your own. Some writings are just not meant to be funny in any way, but a great student with superior writing skills can create the funny and yet informative and highly-argumentative story on a particular topic. In some instances, it may consist of studying your teacher in order to know your teacher's sense of humor. The Hidden Truth About Argumentative Essay Topics about Family In this kind of situation, it's more convenient to discover ready-made essays and use them as an example. The actual individuals highly praise our essay help site. If you're struggling, you always have the option to acquire help by employing an essay writing service such as ours. Even in case you seek for assistance from a specialist, make sure they speak about something which will sound better while presenting your argument. Characteristics of Argumentative Essay Topics a bout Family Making up a thesis statement is vital. The thesis will reveal the reader precisely where you stand. Relevant Topics that are related to your society will engage the reader in the finest possible way. To write an excellent argumentative essay the students first must investigate several sides of the argument, allowing them to make an educated stance. The theory behind writing an essay in the very first location, is to learn more regarding the course you're learning. The primary goal of writing an argumentative essay is to understand how to convince folks to modify their perception of things they strongly believe in. Humorous essays are frequently a good deal more fun to write. Remember you could make funny argumentative essays if you do a few things. If you would like to go personal and select a relative, be sure you get a memorable and distinctive reason. Discuss also any knowledge that you might have about family. The family is without doubt an important portion of our life. Why you wish to join somebody else's family. An argumentative essay is a certain kind of academic writing. An argumentative paper is part of the persuasion. The thesis provides you with a guideline about how to go about with writing the essay. Argumentative writings is a particular sort of a paper. It can be challenging to hold back from making some derogatory comments about your opposition, particularly if you truly feel strongly about the subject of your paper. Since you may see, there's a multitude of different argumentative paper titles you are able to utilize. You need to strive to make sure the topic that you select is an excellent one since if it isn't then you are going to struggle to compose a great paper. It is extremely important to decide on a great topic as a way to compose a good paper. All About Argumentative Essay Topics about Family Conclusion needs to be concise and logical. Deciding on an emotional topic is also an excellent idea. In choosing your topic, it's frequently a good idea to start with a subject which you already have some familiarity with. The student should investigate a topic, evaluate evidence, collect, generate, and set a standpoint on this issue in a powerful and concise way. Pick a topic which you know You would want to settle on a topic which you know just a little something about because it is going to help you develop your case in case you have some prior knowledge on the topic. So as to compose a successful essay, you have to make certain you decide on a topic which allows you to present the very best case. The above-mentioned topic selection may give you a crystal clear understanding of what things to write about. Quite frequently, the ideal topic is one which you truly care about, but you also will need to get well prepared to research it. The best method is to select an interesting and compelling research topic. There are particular topics that work best and here are some basic suggestions to make certain that you pick a great topic.

After Apple-Picking. Robert Frost, The Author Of “After

After Apple-Picking Robert Frost, the author of â€Å"After Apple-Picking†, preferred to write in a traditional form and pattern of English poetry. He is known for being a straight forward author, although he is not always easy to read. His effects, even though they are simple, depend upon a certain slyness for which the reader must be prepared (Frost 1). â€Å"After Apple-Picking† is one of Frost’s least formal poems. It is written in first person and is compiled of forty-two lines with two to eleven syllables in each line (Muste 1). The pattern of the poem is in a continuous form in which the element of design is slight. In this type of form, the lines follow each other without formal grouping. The only breaks in the lines are indicated by units†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"To Frost, the purposes of people and nature are never the same, and so nature s meanings can never be known. Probing for nature s secrets is futile and foolish. Humanity s best chance for serenity does not come from understanding the natural environment. Serenity comes from working usefully and productively amid the external forces of nature† (Frost 1). The lessons learned in this poem can apply to any endeavor of life that one finds enjoying, yet exhausting (Muste 1). Frost uses many symbols to enhance the meaning of this poem in order to pose questions about the purpose of life, the uncertainty of the afterlife, the relationship between humans and the spiritual world. In the later stages of life, people begin to question whether they are satisfied or dissatisfied with their lives. They try to determine the meaning of the life they have lived. The speaker in the poem is analyzing and reflecting back on the successes and failures of his life. The speaker states, â€Å"I am overtired of the great harvest I myself desired† (Johnson and Arp 722). In this line, he is acknowledging that he has grown tired from the journey of life. The speaker’s vision of what his li fe has looked like over the years is compared to looking at the world through a thin sheet of ice when he say’s â€Å"I cannot rub the strangeness from my sight I got from looking through a pane of glass† whichShow MoreRelatedEssay on The Intricate Meanings of Robert Frost s Poetry784 Words   |  4 PagesRobert Frost is considered by many to be one of the greatest poets of the twentieth century. Frost’s work has been regarded by many as unique. Frost’s poems mainly take place in nature, and it is through nature that he uses sense appealing-vocabulary to immerse the reader into the poem. In the poem, â€Å"Hardwood Groves†, Frost uses a Hardwood Tree that is losing its leaves as a symbol of life’s vicissitudes. â€Å"Frost recognizes that before things in life are raised up, they must fall down† (BloomRead MoreRobert Frost s Poem After Apple Picking918 Words   |  4 PagesRobert frost was one of the most critically accepted and widely admired American poets in the twentieth century. He was honored for his achievement with multiple Pulitzer Prizes for his work in poetry. He uses vivid detail about nature and has been called a natural poet although, he denies such view. Robert frost work is more of the human condition which are they key aspect being related to being a human. He was so beloved because he understood the key aspect of being related to human and wrote poetryRead MoreEssay about Robert Lee Frost1452 Words   |  6 PagesRobert Lee Frost The mark of a great poet is his ability to engage the reader so that they analyse their own lives. Robert Lee Frost (1874 – 1963) – an influential American poet often associated with rural New England – is brilliant at this and uses poetry as a platform for the expression of his own general ideology. Frost’s belief that human society was often chaotic and stressful and that the meaning of life is elusive, has been promoted in his poetry. Frost looked to nature, whose undyingRead MoreEssay about The Life of Robert Frost1404 Words   |  6 PagesROBERT FROST â€Å"Two roads diverged in a wood and I- I took the road less traveled† How did Robert Frost take the road less traveled in his life? Frost was a poet who lived a hard life. With 6 kids and a wife, he had a lot of people to provide for. He was a man who wore many hats, being a dad, husband, poet, and farmer. Robert was an incredibly gifted man who wrote many famous poems. Robert Frost, a great American poet lived a humble life and changed the world with his profound writing abilityRead MoreThe Unique Influence of Robert Frosts Work894 Words   |  4 Pages Robert Frost is a very well-known poet. Many people were and still are influenced by him and his works. There were different things going on in his life that sometimes impacted his writing, but it never changed the result of his fine works. There are several things that make Frost famous and unique from others. Several people were influences in Frost’s life. His father was a journalist but died when Frost was only ten years old. His mother then took the family to Lawrence, Massachusetts whereRead MoreComparing Robert Frosts After Apple-Picking to Apples by Laurie Lee2445 Words   |  10 PagesComparing Robert Frosts After Apple-picking to Apples by Laurie Lee Poetry is an attempt to describe the nature and intensity of ones feelings and opinions. Often, however, these thoughts are too vague or complex to articulate. How does a poet translate these abstract ideas into something more tangible and workable? Simple, metaphorical objects and situations can be used to represent more elusive concepts. These can be interpreted in many different ways, however, and poets often use the sameRead MoreRobert Frost - Poetry Begins in Delight Ends in Wisdom - Essay2002 Words   |  9 Pagesâ€Å"Poetry begins in delight and ends in wisdom† – Robert Frost Essay Danielle Sims Robert Frost was a poet who wrote traditional poetry that opposed the free verse styles and â€Å"no rules† system of the modernist poets who wrote at the same time in the early 1900s. His poetry is deceptively simple, commonly using colloquial language which flows just as naturally as speech. Whilst Frost is a poet who seems to be simplistic in his writing styles, his rhyming schemes are surprisingly sophisticated, oftenRead MoreHow to Read Lit Like a Prof Notes3608 Words   |  15 Pagesmid 20th century, writers could count on people being very familiar with Biblical stories, a common touchstone a writer can tap b. Common Biblical stories with symbolic implications i. Garden of Eden: women tempting men and causing their fall, the apple as symbolic of an object of temptation, a serpent who tempts men to do evil, and a fall from innocence ii. David and Goliath—overcoming overwhelming odds iii. Jonah and the Whale—refusing to face a task and being â€Å"eaten† or overwhelmed by it anywayRead MoreLiterature and South Africa6682 Words   |  27 Pagesspecific text function together to produce meaning. The semiotic theory is built upon Structuralism and it links codes so that the text is therefore described as an autonomously functioning semiotic system. In this essay, the poem Mending Wall by Robert Frost is going to be used to describe how meaning are produced by codes, by recoding and overcoding according to Lotman’s semiotic theory. It is necessary to define codes and the process of interpretation before one delves in the semiotic analysis ofRead MoreLiterature and South Africa6676 Words   |  27 Pagesspecific text function together to produce meaning. The semiotic theory is built upon Structuralism and it links codes so that the text is therefore described as an autonomously functioning semiotic system. In this essay, the poem Mending Wall by Robert Frost is going to be used to describe how meaning are produced by codes, by recoding and overcoding according to Lotman’s semiotic theory. It is necessary to define codes and the process of interpretation before one delves in the semiotic analysis of